Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse: Band 22

Klinische und theoretische Beiträge:

• Victor Smirnoff: Die Gegenübertragung. So lebt der Analytiker
  Abstract

  The countertransference - affects and presentation - is the unavoidable restriction of the psychoanalyst: it manifests itself as »the unbearable« in the psychoanalytic situation, and is closely related to archaic fantasies, narcissism and the death instinct. Yet one must ascribe countertransference positive features, which allow the analyst to assess his own participation in the analytical process. Thus countertransference occupies a much broader area than that of clinical treatment, for it influences the unconscious ideology of the analyst as well as the unexplained reasons of his technique and art of interpretation. Countertransference is not only to be understood as a punctual phenomenon, but also as something connected with the total structure - which endows every analyst with his own analytical style. The way for example in which the analyst chooses his patients can be better explained by this than by theoretical considerations on analysibility. Countertransference is closely linked with the problem of ethics in that it forces the analyst to question his method and, more important, the significance and aim of his undertaking again and again.
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• Wolfgang Loch: Anmerkungen zum Thema: Ziele, Aufgaben und Methoden der Psychoanalyse
  Abstract

  1. After a short listing of the aims of the psychoanalytical »cure« named by Freud and other researchers there follow 2. comments on the genesis of the ego and on the role played then by defence processes and the desired image of the object providing primary satisfaction. 3. The author sketches the genesis of conflicts with reference to the significance of quantaitive and psycho-social factors. The factors mentioned in 1 to 3 lead to 4. the tasks of psychoanalytical technique, i. e. »to create the most favourable conditions for the ego functions« (S. Freud 1937). They are 5. correlated with the aims named by D.W. Winnicott to »keep alive«, »keep well« and »keep awake«. More exact considerations follow to each of these three aims, including, among other things, reflections on the problems of interpretations, of constructions and reconstructions, of transferences and countertransferences. 6. The connection between emotions, truth and method is discussed, followed by 7. considerations of the quest for truth, value and »being«. The assertion is made that we are concerned with a »being«, which, even if of biographical, historical origin and thus »constructed« by means of the »deconstruction« of this very history as provided by the analysis of »defence« and »transference as defence«, is rooted in a truth which is valid for this moment and for this situation, for it finds its verification in the consensually valididated emotions dominant at that moment and their comprehensibility expressed in word and symbol. These conditions lead to 8. a discourse on the conditions of the potential of the psychoanalytical method. Here Freud’s concept of the »fictive normal ego« and W. R. Bion’s use of the word »belief« in a »final reality and truth« are referred to. Both are to the author postulates which represent »logical necessities and refer to «dialogue-external conditions», but which refer us, as taken by themselves, they are meaningless, to the method as permanent which we, in order to survive, cannot relinquish.
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• Jean Cournut: Ein Rest, der verbindet. Das unbewußte Schuldgefühl, das entlehnte betreffend
  Abstract

  The unconscious sense of guilt is both in practice and in theory an extremely difficult phenomenon to perceive. It is contained in negative transference, in negative therapeutic reaction, in neuroses of fate, and, as Freud puts it, in all cases of extreme neurosis. The unconscious sense of guilt can be discovered and interpreted in the analyses, and one can ascertain that the patient has sometimes «borrowed» it from his parents. It is also revealed that the unconscious sense of guilt is passed on over several generations, and this all the more likely the more the patient has suffered setbacks in his work of mourning. The unconscious feeling of guilt is often simply the sole remnant of a past and now lost love relationship.
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• Gemma Jappe: Zur Position des Vaters im Abwehrvorgang
  Abstract

  Within the framework of a series of papers on denial (1985, 1986, 1987), of which this is the latest one, it is attempted to formulate classically metapsychological concepts from the point of view of object relations. Defence processes in general are understood in a tentative way to be violations or reparation attempts towards the early father representation respectively. The concept of object loss and pathological mourning (M.Klein) is confronted with Freud’s primal horde model using the example of a historical group feud. The totem meal appears thus as a defence against splitting processes by denial as is outlined by means of recent examples.
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• Klaus Wilde: Paranoid-schizoide Mechanismen in der Analyse einer narzißtisch strukturierten Patientin
  Abstract

  This paper deals with the middle phase of the analysis of a destructive-narcissistic female patient. Splittings and the transference-countertransference-situation resulting from them are represented and shown in detail, as only analysis of this situation can make interpretations (including dream interpretations) possible. Therefore it becomes clear that the personality structure described here derives from the paranoid-schizoid position, that it is dominated by envy and its defence and that splitting, omnipotence, denial and projective identification are the most important defence mechanisms of narcissistic people. These conclusions coincide explicitly with those of Hanna Segal (except for the special emphasis on omnipotence) and implicitly with those of Herbert Rosenfeld. When analysing such patients it is therefore vital to find an approach to the hidden, libidinous-dependent parts of the self, which often do not seem to be present, in order to face the destructive processes. This requires an exact analysis of the narcissistically structured object relations in the transference. Only this will enable the patients to experience their envy really and gradually to endure the depressive feelings they had thus far felt to be unbearable and tortuous. Discovery of really good objects then becomes possible and the ability to love can consequently develop.
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Historische Beiträge:

• Michael Schröter: Freud und Fließ im wissenschaftlichen Gespräch
  Abstract

  Stimulated by the complete edition of the Fliess-letters the professional quality of the relationship between Freud and Fliess is examined on the basis of a joint (but abortive) research-project, planned in 1893. It had been intended to make extensive use of medical records corresponding to Fliess’ but contrary to Freud’s habits and refers to the difficult situation of doctors with scientific ambitions who have to compete with representatives of university medicine. A major objective was the nosographic clarification of the diffuse syndrome of «neurasthenia». For this purpose Fliess had already presented a book about «Nasal reflex neurosis» which shows his inclination to descriptive classification, whilst Freud, leaning on a principle of the «gestalt» manifested in typical examples («initial cases»), constantly sought for etiological-theoretical answers. He clearly influenced Fliess in this vein. The project started at a period towards the end of 1892 when Freud experienced a broad upturn in his scientific work, characterized by a change in his technique, an extension of his research field to all neuroses, the exploration of their sexual etiology, and an exclusively psychological conceptualization of his theory of hysteria as opposed to that developed with Breuer (discovery of defence). Thus the body-mind problem assumed a new virulence. In Fliess there were connections to Freud’s interest in sexuality, but as a distinct theme he took it from Freud. His function was then and remained for some years to give Freud’s theories an organological foundation centered around a sexual theory. In this way he freed Freud’s scientific conscience and smoothed the way for the establishment of psychoanalytical theory in its psychological form.
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• Michael Hölzer und Horst Kächele: Die Entwicklung der freien Assoziation durch Sigmund Freud
  Abstract

  The development of free association, which is apostrophied as the basic rule of psychoanalysis, is generally considered to be one of Freud’s greatest scientific achievements. Its central place within psychoanalysis is marked by the dual role of free association as an instrument of research and treatment. It does not only replace the suggestive-cathartic procedure and its limited effects as technique of treatment. Moreover its introduction greatly promotes the unfolding of theories within psychoanalysis, as it would not have been possible to formulate discoveries like that of infantile sexuality or the projecting of such relevant concepts as that of «resistance» and «transference» while keeping hypnosis in this form. The article attempts with special reference to Freud’s early writings to retrace the essential lines of development at the introduction of free association. Starting with his neurological paper on «Aphasia» (1891) up to «The Interpretation of Dreams» (1900) Freud’s ideas on association are represented and discussed. Finally factors of influence supposed by other authors, which may have formed Freud’s thinking with regard to free association, are considered critically.
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• Regine Lockot: Wiederholen oder Neubeginn: Skizzen zur Geschichte der «Deutschen Psychoanalytischen Gesellschaft» von 1945–1950
  Abstract

  The concessions made by the German psychoanalysts to the Nazi regime damaged them in their psychoanalytical identity. Parallels between the establishment of psychotherapy in National Socialist Germany and the efforts to establish a neo-analytical circle around Schultz-Hencke are shown. Independent of the political regime, their way of proceeding does seem comparable. Müller-Braunschweig’s attempt to revive classical psychoanalysis, however, is shown in characteristic fashion as being marked by self-reproducing trouble spots, and is seen in these repetitions as an attempt to reconstruct his damaged psychoanalytical identity. Thus the ambivalence of establishing psychoanalysis in a system of society appears as a part of psychoanalytical identity which threatens again and again to evade self-analysis.
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Beiträge zur angewandten Psychoanalyse:

• Rudolf Ekstein: Kindlicher Autismus – sein Prozeß, gesehen in einem viktorianischen Märchen
  Abstract

  The universal theme of separation and individuation is contained in two stories by Collodi and Clifford respectively which are outlined and interpreted. Separation is indeed a perilous step in a child’s development. The process of separation reflects the conflict between hope and despair. The poetic ideas to be found in Victorian literature and in the two stories can be seen as precursors of psychoanalytic thought on the processes of development, obstacles and opportunities which the child is faced with on its way to autonomie.
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• Rolf Tiedemann: Zu Freuds «Eine Kindheitserinnerung aus Dichtung und Wahrheit»
  Abstract

  At the beginning of «Dichtung und Wahrheit» («Poetry and Truth»), Goethe writes that one day in his childhood he threw out of the window with pleasure the dishes of the doll’s house and the kitchen. Freud suspected that Goethe had done this while his mother was pregnant or giving birth to a child. By doing so, Goethe might have been giving expression to his anger about his mother’s pregnancy or the birth of a sister or brother. Apart from descriptions which remind one very much of the breaking of the dishes occuring in «Dichtung und Wahrheit», other guiding principles can be found in the «Hexenküche» («Witch’s Kitchen») of Faust I, which also make Freud’s interpretation, mentioned above, sound very likely. Thus, the suspicion is uttered that the «Hexenküche» could be a dream and/or daydream poetically depicted by Goethe which could include the event mentioned at the beginning of «Dichtung und Wahrheit".
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