Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse: Band 18

Theoretische Beiträge:

• Wolfgang Loch: Zur gegenwärtigen Psychoanalysekritik. Antwort auf den Spiegel 52 /1984: Zweifel an Freud: Angriff auf das Reich des König Ödipus, mit Anmerkungen zu »Und was fühlen Sie dabei?« Die Zeit, Nr. 14, 1985 Buy article
• Léon Wurmser: Die innere Grenze. Das Schamgefühl
  Abstract

  The analysis of feelings of shame shows three main forms: shame anxiety (anxiety of imminent exposure), the depressive shame affect (following exposure, including the wish to expiate the disgrace), and shame as a reaction formation, as a precautionary hiding of the self. The affect is bipolar - why and in the eyes of whom one is ashamed. The latter is usually internalized; the former may spread from the self to the family or the nation. For the analyst the internalized, namely the partly unconscious feeling of shame is of main interest. Thus the main themes of the paper are the presentation of essential contents of such an unconscious feeling of shame, the main forms of defence against shame, the relationship of shame conflicts to perception and being perceived, the ontogenesis of shame, some social, cultural and historical references as well as the relationship to defence and superego-analysis. In this way the importance of the task of the analyst is to be found in analysing superego- aspects in transference, not in acting them out openly or hidden in countertransference.
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• Heinz Weiß / Gerda Pagel: Übergangsphänomene und symbolische Ordnung. Winnicott-Lacan
  Abstract

  In the present study we tried to show the points of contact between Winnicott’s theory of transitional phenomena and Lacan’s structuralistic approach to psycho-analysis. Beyond the classical pattern of topography both conceptions reveal a third dimension which cannot be reduced either to the inner life of instinctual needs or to the external world of object-relations. Winnicott unfolds this third dimension in the ,intermediate territory» of the child’s play. Lacan aims at a formation analogous to language within the triad of the Real, Imaginary and Symbolic. Congruously both authors emphasize the importance of mirror-experience for the early processes of identification and the genesis of the Ego. But they do it with a very different accent: While Winnicott tends to attach the maturation-processes of the Ego to the telos of reality-testing, Lacan, in contrast, insists on the illusive function of the Ego. The imaginary wholeness of the Ego in the sense of moi (Winnicott’s ,False Self') denies the basic deficiency being at the roots of human subjectivity (see Wyss 1976, 1980). In his analysis of desire Lacan holds towards the traditional conception the model of a radically unconscious intersubjectivity. The Je as the (unknownable) subject of ,true speaking’ (Freud’s ,Id') is instituted by the speech of the Other, by our. insertion in language. Winnicott, like Lacan, differentiates the symbolic field from an area of symbiosis an illusion. In his ,illusion-disillusionment-theory’ Winnicott interprets this transition from the point of view of developmental psychology. He focusses on the mother-child relationship. Lacan refers to structuralistic philosophy. He stresses the reciprocal interdepency of the Real, Imaginary and Symbolic Order. In the perspective of Lacan the dual union of mother and child is accompanied from its beginnings by the instance of a Third. The dimension of this Third is linked with the structures inherent to language and represented by the symbolic father. Its location is defined by the Unconscious according to Freud, by the place of exchange according to Claude Levi-Strauss. Only at this point takes place an exchange which is not knowledge but acknowledgement (Hegel). The interpretations of Winnicott and Lacan are finally compared with each other referring to the example of a child’s play reported by Freud.
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• Erhard Künzler: Freuds Lehre von den Lebens- und Todestrieben
  Abstract

  Sigmund Freud allocated psychoanalysis to the natural sciences, understanding it to be «biological psychology». He saw the mind through the instinct theory based and anchored in the soma. The theory of the life and death instincts as the last stage in the forming of theory was propagated by him in the first instance only speculatively, but later was seen as an obligatory concept embracing all instincts. The history of the theory of life and death instincts within psychoanalysis led to this part of the theory being disavowed as unscientific. This study attempts to overcome the charge of being unscientific by asking after the sense and the cultural position of Freud’s creation. An altered understanding of myth in modern philosophical anthropology recognizes the myth as an equally placed creation alongside science, art and religion. It is understood to be an interpretation of the determining factors of life thus founding a tradition. Freud’s essay «Beyond the Pleasure Principle» can be read as the new version of a myth in the guise of natural scientific considerations. Freud said himself that he was circling the «final things» with his thoughts. In a conscious attempt to grasp «the origin and aim of life» rationally Freud develops a modern death myth in the face of transitoriness of all life.
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• Wolfgang Tress: Zur intentionalen Sprache der Handlung als dem Fundament einer wissenschaftlichen Psychoanalyse
  Abstract

  Rationally acceptable methods of reference to reality completed by useful theoretical concepts how to arrange the experience within a context of meaning result from a critical, never finished discussion about normative standards. The base of understanding psychoanalytic experience are more and more comprehensive intentional descriptions (dynamic interpretations) of the interactional practice within the standardized setting, especially concerning those aspects which in the past have actively and by reasons of mental conflicts been delimited from the actual selfdescription (consciousness) by the participating actors. - The systematic locus of objectivity of the intentional description (dynamic interpretation) is in a world of reality of which is composed like a language, i. e., after all, in the life practice of a language-community. The language community may become concrete, for example, among the participants of a technical-casuistic training course. Coming from that Roy Schafer tries to find a new base of psychoanalysis as a science of action but he misunderstands - to the disadvantage of the whole project - the action - and language-philosophical positions favoured by him. With the purpose of conceptual rehabilitation of analyst and analysand as actors against a physio-chemical-mechanistic metapsychology he introduces as a basic principle of the action-language: to consider as an action all psychic processes, i. e. all events, experiences, feelings, or behaviours. Thus even drive impulses, free associations, and emotions (affects, feelings, moods) will be determined as an action which the acting person is responsible for! The infinite regress appearing here is dealt with as well as the main lines of the discussion about Roy Schafer which unavoidably gets involved in the idiosyncratic confusions of Schafer’s conception because the discussants themselves seldom know the language- and action-philosophical principles. If we consider, however, the methodical explication, by Dennett, f.i., of the intentional description there is in the case of an action always concerned finality in the context of meaning (opposite to an empiric causal nexus) between 1) wishes for some change (the motives, desires, and drives which refer to the future) 2) the knowledge of situationally relevant facts (cognitivity), and 3) the rationality considering 1) and 2) The three mentioned aspects are constituents of intentional action-description and exist in a standardizing context of a relation of necessity (Notigungsrelation) which in the future has to prove its stability in the actual connections of life. The (adequately as intentional description thus reconstructed) dynamic interpretation will now by the genetic interpretation become attached to a paradigm of human development outlined on the horizon of child development. In this paradigm there have been prepared development stages not only for the motivation of the adult but also for this cognitivity and rationality. All this is dealt with in the general and clinical concepts of psychoanalysis. Thus we get a comprehensive understanding of the phenomena within the analytic setting. We identify «irrational» behaviour and feeling as an anachronistic-ritual action which according to its meaning and pattern belongs to a developmental-psychological continuum. The dynamic and genetic interpretation worked through proves its validity by providing for the patient a choice and confronting him with the decision whether to risk a new acting on a higher level of personal qualities referring to the context worked through. Then a further chapter of neurotic transference in the therapeutic interaction would have been finished. Psychoanalysis as a science tries to illustrate on the background of psychogenesis the process of intentionality in the course of the therapy in order to achieve prognosis and therapeutic directions which will become relevant for the further course of the therapeutic process. As far as it will be managed successfully, comprehensively, coherently, and consistently valid knowledges about the inner structure of intentional process-phenomena of a psychoanalytic therapy well be gained.
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Klinische Aspekte der Psychoanalyse:

• Angela Köhler-Weisker: Zum Begriff der Haltung des Psychoanalytikers am Beispiel einer Fokaltherapie
  Abstract

  Based on the attitude of the analyst familiar variants of it are presented. There is special interest in the description of the variation of the attitude, which in particular situations of the therapeutic process intentionally goes beyond this attitude, devoted to the actualization of the transference- relationship potentially useful for the patient. This procedure is limited to manipulation, suggestion and the proposals of F. Alexander. As questions concerning effectivity and intensifying the therapeutic process especially in short-term therapy arise, a case-study of focal therapy is portrayed. The point when the specific procedure within normal analysis becomes significant is discussed.
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Beiträge zur angewandten Psychoanalyse:

• Ruth-Gisela Klausmeier: Der Mythos von Orpheus
  Abstract

  The myth of Orpheus, and particularly his descent to the underworld and final loss of Eurydice, is discussed in relation to psychoanalytical theories of myth and to earlier psychoanalytic comments on this myth. It is argued that Orpheus’ descent to the underworld and his attempt to regain Eurydice with the help of music represent the artist’s attempts to negate the fact of death; the artist in particular faces psychic conflicts in carrying out the process of mourning and coming to terms with death.
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• Gisela Greve: Theodor Fontanes «Effi Briest». Die Entwicklung einer Depression
  Abstract

  My intention is to undertake a psychoanalytical interpretation of Theodor Fontane’s novel «Effi Briest», using it to illustrate the development of a depressive illness. This study has been divided into five sections, each of which corresponds to the chronology of the novel. Eissler’s so-called endopoetic method of interpretation has been used, which limits itself exclusively to the novel and the characters which appear in it. In addition, allusions have been made to the relationship between the novel and the life of Fontane himself.
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• Rolf Tiedemann: Zu Goethes Knabenmärchen «Der neue Paris» und den Faust-Dichtungen
  Abstract

  In 1959, Schadewaldt proceeded on the assumption that Goethe might have elaborated ,The new Paris’ - a fairy-tale out of «Dichtung und Wahrheit" - into Faust II. It seems to be conceivable that Goethe may already have discovered principles of the analyses of dreams and have employed them for the elaboration of the fairy-tale into Faust II. It would be possible that Goethe made his birthplace in Frankfurt the parabolical scene of Faust II. Descriptions of places which appear in the fairy-tale and could refer to his birthplace are to be recognized again in the same sequence, as well as plats of the fairy-tale in Faust II. On the occasion principles of dream work seem to have been made use of.
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Beiträge zur Geschichte der Psychoanalyse:

• Albrecht Hirschmüller: Briefe Josef Breuers an Wilhelm Fließ 1894 bis 1898
  Abstract

  Ten handwritten letters by Josef Breuer to Wilhelm Fließ dating from the early period of psychoanalysis are published for the first time. The letters contain discussions on patients and members of both families whom Breuer had sent to Berlin for operations of the nose by Fließ. It becomes evident that Breuer considered Fließ’ ideas on the connections between nose and genitals and the possibility treating neurasthenic complaints by operating the mucous nasal membrane sympathetically but not uncritically. Breuer’s views on the role of masturbation in the origin of neurasthenia comes particularly to life in a case study.
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