Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse: Band 15

Theoretische Beiträge:

• Herman Nunberg: Kommentar zu Freuds Abriß der Psychoanalyse
  Abstract

  Leider kein Abstract vorhanden.
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• Hermann Beland: Was ist und wozu entsteht psychoanalytische Identität?
  Abstract

  The quest for psychoanalytical identity reaches its aim in a paradox: an inchoate group process for identity formation is applied in order to facilitate and protect something rational, i.e. a piece of precious experience concerning the dynamic unconscious psychic reality, obtained by means of the analytical process, Freud’s realism and way of work. And: if there were no necessary unconscious ego-defence of the dynamic unconscious for the psychic health of civilized man our identity as analysts would be as unprofitable and unproblematical a subject as that of a physicist or a geographical expert. Further: If group identity and rational analytical understanding share the same wording with the dominating evolutionary-affective group identity then the affects of belonging, excommunication, conservatism and a dislike of theory will be dominant. Finally: the critical awareness of group mentality is an important instrument for resisting, perhaps the only reliable one.
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• Wolfgang Loch: Die Frage nach dem Sinn
  Abstract

  1. Behaviour or Symptoms of neurotic nature are characterized as actions provided we succeed in uncovering their »secret motives« by construction or reconstruction. I. e. we may say insofar we succeed in describing the »whither«, the »what for« (S. Freud) to which necessarily belongs »from where« (S. Freud, 1916/17. p. 284, 277) we find sense in nonsense. We also say, that sense already was in existence insofar defense mechanisms were operating preventing its overt expression. But we say sense and rationality have been constituted insofar something, which has never been translated into consciousness, was raised to the level of language. In this case the word which is coined creates an objeet. This objeet is a »true« objeet insofar relates, refers to the existing interpersonal Situation which depends ultimately from the »feeling« »it just fits« (cp. H. Putnam, 1981, p. 180, 94). 2. Both processes take place during the psycho-analytic Situation. The following preconditions are apparantly necessary for their realization: a) the experience of the acknowledgement of a basic drive-wish by the therapist. This event has the character of evidential nature and as to this is in itself preverbal. Nevertheless we need a verbal phrasing of the corresponding interaction and the accompanying emotion in order that both may be included into the executive power of the ego, i. e. the subject. b) The strict obedience to the rules of a setting which bind both, patient and therapist at the same time. Because of this a firm basis exists which cannot be doubted. It forms the common background object (J. Grotstein) by which and through which both partners of the dialogue may be »at-one« with one another and to which they may also return insofar further developmental events of their interactional process produce alienations and is pushing them to turn to different external objects. 3. Insofar processes as just alluded to take place, the subject is predicated in a play of reasoning. And if secret motives and hidden reasons concerning the presented modality of the subject’s actions are understood, the subject itself realizes, that it has its origin not in its products but in a negation in a »zero« position which in itself is an equivalent of freedom. 4. In order that interpretative work in the Service of the aims just mentioned may become possible, there are some other preconditions to be fulfilled by the therapist: a) the attitude of »evenly hovering attention« (S. Freud) because it is this attitude which makes the therapist receptive for emotional cathexis, originating in the patient’s unconscious. b) The adoption of an attitude, which enables the analyst to avoid being preoccupied with the patient’s biographical data and permits him dispensation from the wish to understand the patient’s associations at all costs (W. R. Bion). The former attitude (a) is identical with the abstinence of the first order, the later (b) with the abstinence of the second order. This last kind is linked to the faith that the patient is capable to develop psychic life. And in this perspective it is a necessary condition for the evolution of „O» of «truth» (W. R. Bion). 5. All interpretative Steps serve the acquisition of language by the ego, by the subject, which in being predicated predicates itself but is also in such a process capable of comprehending itself as negativity, as «mind and freedom». The processes as described reveal that freedom and mind exist only as far as the dialogue’s partners exist «in the other by themselves» (M. Theunissen, 1978, p. 49). If we concede this, another correlation has to be accepted: «Love is to be with oneself in the other» (1. c). Therefore we are entitled to formulate that freedom, love and mind are closely interrelated. Apparently this is the necessary consequence of a system which acknowledges dialogical communication as its fundamental dynamics. And exactly this is the nature of psychoanalysis because such a System has its foundation in the rule: «. . . The one - may experience - the other not as a limitation but as a condition for the possibility of his own self-realization» (M. Theunissen, 1. c. p. 46). This means also, that during processes of self-realization and the discovering and construction of sense are taking place a dependence from the other the analyst, is unavoidable. The therapist therefore has necessarily the character of a genuine authority, an authority, which looses its function if the dialogue is «good enough» to let emerge the one through the other. What may remain in the long run? A feeling of gratefulness perhaps when the partners of the dialogue do part.
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• Sven Olaf Hoffmann: Die Bedeutung der nicht triebkonflikthaften Internalisierungen (Identifizierungen) für die Entstehung von Neurosen
  Abstract

  The essay investigates the role of the concept of internalisation for a section of the theory of neurosis. Internalisation is used here as an overall term for introjection, incorporation and identification. It is stated that hitherto these terms have been used in psychoanalytical theory principally in contexts of instinct theory and a systematization of the consequences of internalisation processes free of instinctual conflicts has largely been lacking. Based on an earlier paper (Hoffmann and Trimborn 1979) it is attempted to work out the factor of the difference between the inner and outer world, the world of introjects and reality, the world of structural precipitation of identifications and the social environment. Hence the thesis is developed that this difference between inside and outside in social, in demographic, in temporal and other respects per se already contains moments which can promote the occurrence of neurosis. In the majority of cases there will be a dynamic which complements the instinctual conflicts. It is basically assumed that these factors alone can give rise to a type of neurosis, which is then vastly more simple, plainer and less colourfully structured than the transference neuroses familiar to us. Such «primitive neuroses» are probably less suited and motivated for psychotherapy and therefore appear more seldom in the office of a practising analyst than in the setting of out-patient departments and policlinics.
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Klinische Beiträge:

• Dinora Pines: Das frühe Trauma in Übertragung und Gegenübertragung
  Abstract

  I have drawn upon material taken from direct Observation of mothers handling eczematous babies and have followed this with analytic material from two women patients with a history of this disease. Such patients have had a prolonged experience of bodily soothing by their mothers or other caretakers, and the symbiotic phase has been unduly prolonged. They have been subjected to trauma before the development of verbal thought and communication and before the symbolization of speech. I have tried to show that two possibilities may arise in the analysis of such patients, rooted in their early experiences of environmental care. The first patient, Mrs. B, sought to make renewed unconscious attempts to maintain contact with an archaic object which had originally given her the primitive experience of satisfying bodily comfort. In the second patient, Mrs. C, two physically irreconcilable objects had led to an early split in her early self representation which was maintained by projection and a fantasy of omnipotent control. This had led to a difficulty in maintaining object constancy. In both patients these difficulties appear to persist throughout the life cycle and were interwoven with every new relationship where hope of integrating and working through the primitive object relationships were both revived and withdrawn. Primitive fear of loss of the self is a powerful threat to individuation. The basic narcissistic disturbance due to the mother’s human disappointment in her baby’s appearance may be unaltered by the reality successes of adult life. The early poor self representation persists, often hidden by a false self, thus remaining unaltered in the self and untouched by the mirroring of love and admiration later in life from successful marriages and the birth of healthy children. The bodily changes of adolescence, pregnancy and feminine maturity which inevitably alter the woman’s self representation do not affect her basic view of herself. Patients subjected to such early traumata lack a stable sense of body image and of the self and must rely on omnipotent fantasy to maintain their self-esteem. The analysis of these fantasies leads to the violent projection of primitive feelings into the analyst and the reexperiencing of primitive affects by the patients which had not been contained by the mother originally. Their precarious sense of identity is threatened and they are in terror of re-experiencing the original fear of «falling forever» described by Winnicott. The analytic task that confronts both analyst and patient is formidable and difficult to bear for them both. Nevertheless, such patients who have had good-enough bodily care at this early time have learned from this experience that they can translate and communicate psychic pain to the mother through visible bodily suffering. In this way they will receive comfort and soothing, and they long to recover this experience. They are therefore not patients who sink into hopeless despair. They have learned to bypass the psychic process of containing unbearable pain such as grief and mourning, but have to seek relief from an external object through the most primitive and earliest aspects of the mother-child relationship. The analytic Situation is a particularly frustrating one for these patients since bodily contact does not exist. This leads to transference-countertransference difficulties since the patient’s primitive dread is that of emotional exposure and surrender to the mother again. Nevertheless, such patients are sensitive and observant and come to analysis in the hope of being soothed and helped. They require particular patience on the part of the analyst since they have experienced partial maternal deprivation, where primitive aggression and frustration could not be expressed and contained by the mother herself. They are challenging patients since they evoke confusion in the analyst unless the primitive nature of the disturbance is picked up in the subtle interaction of the therapeutic situation and work focused upon the transference and countertransference in particular. Nevertheless, their psychic pain is very real as is their hope of being found and understood by the analyst, so that a new beginning with true individuation and Separation can be made.
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• Samir Stephanos: Zur Problematik des omnipotenten Objekts – eine psychoanalytische Studie über Psoriasis
  Abstract

  The author’s thesis on overcoming infantile dependency is illustrated in his interpretation of the fates of two individuals from quite different contexts: a Persian medical case study from the year 802 AD and a story by the contemporary German author Botho Strauss. These two histories have in common that they both present the process of selfdiscovery in literary form. In both cases the central figure responds to a fateful break in his object-relations in a comparable manner. The stories of these two destinies demonstrate how the psychic isolation at the peak of an emotional crisis is accompanied by the outbreak of somatic symptoms, here in the form of skin-diseases. The reader finds that the momentary psychic crisis is closely related to hitherto unsurmounted disturbances on the level of the primary depressive position. It is here that we find a pathological clinging dependency on the omnipotent object, the mother. The result is the sort of muddled, tense mother-child relationship, so rigid and sterile in its one-sidedness, from which the troubled individual has never fully freed himself. Each study shows, in its own way, how the decisive step towards liberation lies in finding a new sort of identification with the emotional, sensual aspects of the father. This is the beginning of a process of progression which culminates in a productive re-creation of the father-figure. The individual’s imprisonment by the omnipotent object can thus be overcome.
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Beiträge zur Geschichte der Psychoanalyse:

• Eberhard Haas: Freuds Kokainepisode und das Problem der Sucht
  Abstract

  The reason for this study is the working up of the cocaine episode in order to use it for the problem of addiction which is otherwise left out in Freud’s later works. First of all the cocaine papers and the story of their origin are investigated. In this way it is revealed how topical Freud’s contributions are also with respect to the contemporary discussion of addiction. Afterwards the effect of the cocaine time upon «The Interpretation of Dreams» is portrayed. Especially the «Non Vixit» dream provides the key to the explanation of the conflicts linked with the cocaine theme. The revenants (Fleischl, Fließ, later Jung) are incarnations of Freud’s nephew John but above all the early deceased brother Julius. The significance of this brother for Freud’s self-analysis, his physical and mental health as well as his creativity are examined.
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• Johann Georg Reicheneder: Sigmund Freud und die kathartische Methode Joseph Breuers
  Abstract

  Freud as well as several others of his successors viewed Breuer’s so-called «cathartic method» as the beginning of the development of psychoanalytic therapy. Upon closer examination this point of view can to a great extent be proven incorrect: the concrete process of the development of the specific psychoanalytic method, which is alone under discussion in this article, lasted almost ten years without the guidance of Breuer’s practical experience of his treatment of Anna O. Freud first referred to Breuer’s results after having used various therapeutic methods, especially those practiced by Bernheim’s school (Nancy), which, in their modification, made apparent similarities to Breuer’s treatment of Anna O. At the same time the changes in the therapeutic method which occurred by guidance of the symptoms brought about a more adequate understanding of them. The characterization of Breuer’s treatment of Anna O. as having a cathartic effect represents a Classification which was the result of an advanced theoretical understanding of hysteria, the basis for which can be found earliest in the formulation of the «Vorläufigen Mitteilung» in 1893. The importance that Freud attributed to this treatment for the development of psychoanalysis cannot be historically supported in his own writings; this indicates a limited understanding of his own research process, thereby also possibly cutting off certain important scientific and theoretical roots of psychoanalysis.
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Beiträge zur angewandten Psychoanalyse:

• Gisela Pankow: Die Dynamik des Raumes und die gelebte Zeit
  Abstract

  May we establish the hypothesis that the time lived-in - i. e. what I define as the time required to set the body limits and thus render it inhabitable - depends on the spatial structure in which each man lives. In other words: can the «configuration of time» be related to the respective dynamics of space? Naturally one can object that I base my thesis on my works about the world of the psychotics (Pankow 1981). I should like to call to mind that the «lack» often teaches us more than abundance and that pathology has often revealed deeper laws than the superficial process of certain functions would lead to presume. Moreover twenty years ago a wellknown French philosopher after my work «Pathologie et image du corps» appeared virtually drove me to continue the works I had begun upon «The forming of the body image as a basis of time experience» and to deepen the primary relation to space. He said to me literally: «As far as space is concerned you are probably ahead of the philosophers». In other words: the time experience could be related to the dynamic of space. For the poet Machado de Assis the past in the truest sense of the word emerges from space. Dom Casmurro has his house of his youth rebuilt just like the original. With the walls the people of the past come and surround the lonely one. «On the last step an idea Struck me, so suddenly, as if it had been waiting for me there between the bars of the banisters.» (p. 175) Alexander Solschenizyn shows a break in a room - the beams as heterogenic elements in the home of Matrjona - setting the time in motion which had stood still for forty years. The time lived-in becomes for Matrjona the time which is necessary to penetrate to the roots of her human tragedy, a tragedy, which was hidden for forty years in a «corner» in space.
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• Heinz Henseler: Moby Dick – Überlegungen zur narzißtischen Wut
  Abstract

  Two clinical examples, but especially Melville’s novel «Moby Dick" published in 1851, have been used in the attempt to make a differentiated description of the phenomenon of narcissistic rage and to consider its psychodynamics. The thirst for vengeance of narcissistically raging people which in some cases is extremely tormenting has been interpreted with Melville as an expression of warded-off oral desire. In contrast to Kohut’s interpretation the narcissistic phenomenon also serves the defence of instinctual conflicts.
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• G. Paar / B. Garbe / B. Porstner: Inhaltsanalytische Untersuchung einer Junior-Balintgruppe
  Abstract

  Based upon a definition of the classical Balint-group a survey of literature on empirical investigations, especially junior Balint-groups is rendered. In a discussion a historical survey on the problem of content analysis is given. According to Balint’s theoretical ideas a content analytical diagram of categories has been drawn up and presented in developmental stages. The bipolar system applied contains categories for perception by some other, selfperception, action as well as a group. With the help of verbatim protocols of the sessions on the one hand the progress of the group was observed using the categories - on the other hand the remarks of individual members of the group were allocated to these. For reasons of interpretation the protocols of the progress of the session made by the observers present were afterwards consulted. The consistencies found refer to the personality of the member of the group, his psychosocial competence and the group process.
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